Multivitamin Chews

Glycerol, 1,2,3-Propanetriol, E422, Propane-1,2,3-Triol

Glycerine is a colourless, odourless liquid derived from plant or animal fats. In pet food, it serves primarily as a humectant, helping to retain moisture and improve texture. Glycerine is not used in its natural, raw state but is refined and purified for food-grade applications to ensure safety and optimal absorption. It also aids in palatability and shelf-life extension.

Glycerine is included as a humectant to retain moisture and improve the texture of pet food products, helping to prevent them from drying out. It also acts as a mild sweetener to enhance palatability for pets.

Docosahexaenoic Acid, C22:6 n-3, All-Cis-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-Hexaenoic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid Family

DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid derived primarily from marine sources such as fish oil or algae (animal or plant origin). It is included in pet food to support cognitive development, vision, and overall brain health. DHA is not used in its natural raw state but is incorporated as a purified oil or extract to optimise bioavailability and safety.

DHA is included as a functional ingredient to support cognitive development and visual acuity in pets, particularly in puppies and kittens. Its presence also allows manufacturers to market the product as supporting brain and eye health, appealing to health-conscious consumers.

D-Glucosamine Sulphate, Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride, Glucosamine Sulphate 2KCl, Glucosamine Sulphate Sodium Chloride

Glucosamine sulphate is a compound derived from shellfish or produced synthetically, classified as an amino sugar. It is primarily included in pet food to support joint health and maintain cartilage integrity, particularly in ageing or active animals. Glucosamine is not used in its natural raw form; instead, it is utilised as glucosamine sulphate, a stable and bioavailable salt, to optimise absorption and efficacy.

Glucosamine sulphate is included as a functional additive to support joint health, appealing to consumers seeking preventative or therapeutic benefits for their pets. Its presence also serves as a marketing differentiator, enhancing the product’s perceived value.

Chondroitin Sulphate (Bovine), Chondroitin Sulphate (Bos Taurus), Chondroitin Sulphate (Bovine Source), Chondroitin Sulphate (Bovine Origin)

Bovine chondroitin sulphate is a compound derived from the cartilage of cattle (animal origin). It is primarily included in pet food to support joint health and mobility by aiding cartilage structure and function. Chondroitin sulphate is not used in its raw or natural state; instead, it is extracted and purified to ensure safety, consistency, and optimal absorption in pets.

Bovine chondroitin sulphate is included as a functional ingredient to support joint health claims, appealing to consumers seeking products with added health benefits for their pets. Its presence enables manufacturers to market the product as beneficial for mobility and joint care, enhancing perceived value.

Ascorbic Acid, L-Ascorbic Acid, E300, L-Threo-Hex-2-Enono-1,4-Lactone

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin of plant origin commonly included in pet food formulations. Its primary purpose is to support immune function and act as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin C is not used in its natural fruit form but is instead utilised as a synthesised compound to ensure stability and consistent dosage.

Vitamin C is included as an antioxidant to help preserve the freshness and stability of the product by slowing oxidation. It may also be added for its perceived health benefits, supporting marketing claims related to immune support.

Nicotinic Acid, Vitamin B3, Pyridine-3-Carboxylic Acid, E375

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin of synthetic or natural origin, commonly derived from plant or animal sources. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and supports healthy skin, nerves, and digestion in pets. Niacin is not used in its raw form but is typically included as a safe, bioavailable compound such as niacinamide or nicotinic acid.

Niacin is included as an essential B vitamin to meet nutritional requirements and support metabolic health in pets. Its addition ensures compliance with regulatory standards for complete and balanced pet food labelling.

Tocopherol, Alpha-Tocopherol, E307, D-Alpha-Tocopherol

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin derived from plant sources such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. It functions primarily as an antioxidant, helping to protect cell membranes from oxidative damage and supporting immune health. In pet food, Vitamin E is not used in its natural raw form but is typically utilised as a stabilised compound, such as tocopherol acetate, to optimise safety and absorption.

Vitamin E is included as a natural antioxidant to help preserve the freshness and stability of fats and oils in the product, thereby extending shelf life. It also serves as a label-friendly nutrient that appeals to consumers seeking added health benefits for their pets.

Thiamine, Thiamin, Aneurin, E101

Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin of synthetic or plant origin. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and supports healthy nerve and muscle function in pets. In pet food, thiamine is not used in its natural raw form but is typically utilised as thiamine mononitrate or thiamine hydrochloride to optimise stability, safety, and absorption.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is included as an essential nutrient to meet regulatory requirements for canine health and to prevent deficiency-related disorders. Its addition ensures nutritional adequacy and supports normal metabolic function in pets.

Pyridoxine, Pyridoxol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, E101a

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin of synthetic or natural origin, commonly derived from plant or animal sources. It plays a crucial role in protein metabolism, red blood cell formation, and nervous system function. In pet food, Vitamin B6 is not used in its raw form but is typically included as a stable compound, such as pyridoxine hydrochloride, to optimise safety and bioavailability.

Vitamin B6 is included as an essential nutrient to support metabolic and neurological functions in pets, ensuring the product meets established nutritional standards. Its addition helps manufacturers achieve complete and balanced labelling claims required for commercial pet foods.

Pantothenic Acid, D-Pantothenic Acid, Calcium Pantothenate, E315

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin of plant and animal origin. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids, supporting overall cellular function. In pet food, Vitamin B5 is not used in its raw or natural state but is typically included as a stable, bioavailable compound such as calcium pantothenate for optimal absorption.

Vitamin B5 is included as an essential nutrient to support metabolic function and overall health in pets. Its addition ensures the product meets nutritional standards and regulatory requirements for complete and balanced pet food.

Riboflavin, E101, Lactoflavin, Vitamin G

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin of synthetic or microbial origin commonly added to pet foods. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and supports healthy skin, eyes, and nervous system function. Vitamin B2 is not used in its natural raw form but is instead utilised as riboflavin, a stable compound, to optimise safety and bioavailability in pet diets.

Vitamin B2 is included as an essential nutrient to meet dogs’ dietary requirements and support metabolic functions. Its addition ensures nutritional adequacy and compliance with regulatory labelling standards.

Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid, Pteroylglutamic Acid, Vitamin B9, E920

Folic acid is a synthetic form of vitamin B9, originally derived from plant sources but produced for pet food as a stable, bioavailable compound. Its primary purpose is to support cell division, DNA synthesis, and overall growth in pets. Folic acid is not used in its natural state; instead, it is utilised as a manufactured supplement to optimise absorption and efficacy.

Folic acid is included as a synthetic vitamin to ensure nutritional adequacy and meet regulatory requirements for B-vitamin content in pet food. Its addition helps standardise nutrient levels across batches, supporting consistent product labelling and animal health.

Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, D-Biotin, Coenzyme R

Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin (vitamin B7) of synthetic origin, commonly included in pet foods to support healthy skin, coat, and metabolic function. Its primary benefit is aiding in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Biotin is not used in its natural, free form but is instead utilised as a stable, bioavailable compound to optimise absorption and efficacy in pets.

Biotin is included as an essential vitamin to support skin, coat, and metabolic health in pets, fulfilling nutritional requirements for complete and balanced diets. Its addition also allows manufacturers to highlight the inclusion of key micronutrients on product labelling, appealing to health-conscious consumers.

Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin of animal origin, essential for nerve function and red blood cell formation in pets. It is primarily included in pet food to support energy metabolism and overall vitality. Vitamin B12 is not used in its natural, raw form but is instead utilised as a specific compound, such as cyanocobalamin, to ensure stability, safety, and optimal absorption.

Vitamin B12 is included as an essential nutrient to support metabolic and neurological functions in pets, ensuring the product meets established nutritional standards. Its addition helps manufacturers achieve complete and balanced labelling claims.

E34, Manganum, Mn, EINECS 231-105-1

Manganese is an essential trace mineral sourced from the earth and is vital for numerous metabolic processes in pets. It primarily supports bone development, enzyme function, and antioxidant defence. Manganese is not used in its natural metallic state; instead, it is incorporated into pet food as a safe, bioavailable compound such as manganese sulphate or manganese oxide to optimise absorption and efficacy.

Manganese is included as an essential trace mineral to support metabolic and skeletal health in pets, fulfilling nutritional requirements for complete and balanced pet food. Its addition ensures compliance with regulatory standards and appeals to consumers seeking scientifically formulated diets.

Phosphatidylcholine, E322, Soybean Phospholipid, Egg Phospholipid

Lecithin is a naturally occurring compound derived from plant or animal sources, commonly soybeans or egg yolks. It serves as an emulsifier, helping to blend fats and water in pet food, thereby improving texture and nutrient absorption. Lecithin is not used in its raw form; instead, it is processed and purified to ensure safety, stability, and optimal functionality in pet nutrition.

Lecithin is included as an emulsifier to improve the texture and consistency of pet food, ensuring fats and water-based ingredients blend smoothly. It may also be used to enhance product stability and shelf life.

E471, Glycerol Monostearate, Glycerides, Glycerol Esters of Fatty Acids

Mono and diglycerides of fatty acids are emulsifiers derived from the partial hydrolysis of triglycerides, consisting of one or two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. In dog food manufacturing, they are typically supplied as mixtures of mono- and diglycerides produced from edible fats and oils. These compounds help stabilise fat and water mixtures, improving texture and consistency in processed dog foods. When used within regulated limits, they are considered safe, with no known adverse effects in dogs.

Mono and diglycerides of fatty acids are included in dog food formulations primarily as emulsifiers to improve texture and processing efficiency, helping manufacturers maintain product consistency and shelf stability rather than providing direct nutritional benefits to dogs.

Rosmarinus Officinalis Extract, E392, Rosemary Oleoresin, Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract

Rosemary extract is a plant-derived ingredient obtained from the leaves of the rosemary herb (Rosmarinus officinalis). It is primarily included in pet food as a natural antioxidant, helping to preserve fats and oils and extend shelf life. Rosemary extract is used in its natural form, ensuring the retention of its beneficial compounds without chemical alteration.

Rosemary extract is included as a natural preservative to help extend shelf life by inhibiting oxidation of fats and oils. It also serves as a label-friendly ingredient that appeals to consumers seeking natural additives.

2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-Tricarboxylic Acid, E330, 3-Carboxy-3-Hydroxypentanedioic Acid, Monohydrate Citric Acid

Citric acid is an organic compound derived primarily from citrus fruits, though it is commonly produced via fermentation for commercial use. Its main purpose in pet food is as a natural preservative and acidity regulator, helping to maintain freshness and inhibit spoilage. Citric acid is not used in its raw, crystalline form but is incorporated as a purified, food-grade compound to ensure safety and efficacy.

Citric acid is included as a preservative to enhance product stability and extend shelf life by inhibiting microbial growth. It may also be used to adjust acidity, optimising flavour and maintaining the quality of the final product.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP, E1201, Polyvidone

Povidone is a synthetic polymer derived from the chemical polymerisation of vinylpyrrolidone. It is not of animal or plant origin but is manufactured for use in various industries, including pet food. Its primary function is as a binder, helping to hold kibble and treats together. Povidone is not used in its raw chemical form but as a purified, food-grade compound to ensure safety and efficacy.

Povidone is included as a binder and stabiliser to improve the texture and consistency of pet food products. It also helps maintain ingredient dispersion and product uniformity during processing and storage.

Ethyl Cellulose, E462, Cellulose Ethyl Ether, Ethoxycellulose

Ethylcellulose is a chemically modified cellulose derivative in which some of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with ethyl ether groups. In dog food manufacturing, it is not used in its raw form but is supplied as purified ethylcellulose powder. Ethylcellulose functions primarily as a binder, coating agent, or stabiliser in pet food formulations. It is considered safe for use at typical inclusion levels, with no known nutritional benefits or significant risks when used as directed.

Ethylcellulose is included in dog food formulations primarily as a processing aid or coating agent to improve texture, control ingredient release, or enhance shelf life, offering manufacturing advantages without providing direct nutritional benefits to dogs. Its use is mainly for product stability and handling rather than for the animal’s health.

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, E464, HPMC, Cellulose Hydroxypropyl Methyl Ether

Hypromellose is a semi-synthetic, plant-derived compound created from cellulose, a natural polymer found in plant cell walls. It is primarily used in pet food as a binder, thickener, or coating agent to improve texture and stability. Hypromellose is not used in its raw plant form; instead, it is processed and modified to achieve the desired functional properties for safe and effective use in formulations.

Hypromellose is included as a processing aid and coating agent to improve the stability and shelf life of certain nutrients or medications within pet food formulations. It also helps control the release of active ingredients in specialised diets or supplements.

Ipomoea Batatas Flour, White Sweet Potato Powder, Ipomoea Batatas Root Flour, White Kumara Flour

White sweet potato flour is a finely milled powder made from dried white sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). It is used as a carbohydrate source and functional ingredient in dog food formulations. This flour provides dietary fibre, energy, and essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. When included at appropriate levels, it supports digestive health and can serve as a gluten-free alternative to grain-based flours, with no known risks for most dogs.

White sweet potato flour is included in dog food formulations primarily as a cost-effective carbohydrate source and to improve kibble texture and binding during processing, rather than for any unique nutritional benefit to dogs. Its use also helps manufacturers meet product labelling requirements for grain-free or novel ingredient diets.

Cassava Starch, Manioc Starch, Yucca Starch, Manihot Esculenta Starch

Tapioca starch is a carbohydrate extracted from the root of the cassava plant, a tropical tuber native to South America. Primarily, it serves as a highly digestible energy source and a natural thickening agent in pet food. Tapioca starch is used in its natural, processed form, not as a whole food, to optimise texture and palatability while supporting digestive health.

Tapioca starch is included as a cost-effective carbohydrate source that provides bulk and texture to pet food formulations. It also serves as a binding agent, helping to improve kibble structure and stability.

Pisum Sativum Protein, Pea Isolate, Pea Protein Isolate, Pisum Sativum Isolate

Pea protein is a plant-derived ingredient extracted from yellow peas (Pisum sativum). It serves as a concentrated source of protein, supporting muscle maintenance and overall health in pets. Rather than using whole peas, pea protein is utilised in its isolated form to maximise protein content and digestibility. This functional ingredient is valued for its hypoallergenic properties and amino acid profile.

Pea protein is included as a cost-effective, plant-based protein source to boost overall protein content and support product labelling claims. It also serves as a functional ingredient to improve kibble texture and binding.

Natrium, Na, E524

Sodium is an essential mineral element sourced from the earth, commonly included in pet food as sodium chloride (table salt) or other safe, bioavailable compounds. It plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function. Sodium is not used in its natural metallic form but is instead utilised as a compound to ensure safety and optimal absorption.

Sodium is included as an essential mineral to support normal physiological functions in pets and to help maintain electrolyte balance. It may also be used to enhance palatability and preserve product stability by inhibiting microbial growth.

Canola Lecithin, Brassica Napus Lecithin, E322 (Rapeseed), Brassica Napus Seed Lecithin

Rapeseed lecithin is a phospholipid-rich substance derived from the processing of rapeseed oil. In dog food manufacturing, it is typically supplied as a purified lecithin extract rather than in its raw seed form. Rapeseed lecithin acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend fats and water-based ingredients for improved texture and consistency in dog food. It also provides a source of choline, which supports normal cell function and liver health. When used at appropriate levels, rapeseed lecithin is considered safe for dogs, with no known adverse effects.

Rapeseed lecithin is included in dog food formulations primarily as an emulsifier to improve texture and processing efficiency, benefiting manufacturers by stabilising mixtures and extending shelf life, with minimal direct nutritional benefit for dogs.

Flaxseed Powder, Linum Usitatissimum Powder, Flax Powder, Linum Usitatissimum Seed Powder

Linseed powder is a plant-derived ingredient made from finely ground flaxseeds. It is primarily included in pet food for its rich content of omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fibre, and protein, supporting skin, coat, and digestive health. Linseed powder is used in its natural, ground form, allowing pets to benefit from its nutrients in a readily digestible and bioavailable manner.

Linseed powder is included as a cost-effective source of omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fibre, supporting nutritional claims and digestive health. Its presence also enhances the product’s label appeal by highlighting natural plant-based ingredients.

Oryza Sativa Bran Oil, Oryza Sativa Oil, Oryza Spp. Bran Oil, Oryza Spp. Oil

Rice bran oil is an edible vegetable oil extracted from the outer layer of rice grains, known as the bran. In dog food manufacturing, it is used in its refined form to ensure safety and stability. Rice bran oil provides a source of unsaturated fatty acids, including omega‑6 linoleic acid, and contains natural antioxidants such as tocopherols and oryzanol. When included at appropriate levels, it supports skin and coat health and contributes to overall dietary fat content; excessive inclusion may lead to an imbalance in fatty acid ratios or excess caloric intake.

Rice bran oil is included in dog food formulations primarily as a cost-effective source of fat and energy, offering processing advantages and helping to improve the texture and palatability of the product, while also contributing some beneficial fatty acids for dogs.

St John's Bread, Locust Bean, Ceratonia Siliqua, Locust Bean Gum

Carob is a plant-derived ingredient sourced from the pods of the Ceratonia siliqua tree. It is primarily included in pet food as a natural source of dietary fibre and antioxidants, supporting digestive health and overall wellbeing. Carob is used in its natural form, with the pods ground into a fine powder, ensuring the retention of its nutritional properties and palatability for pets.

Carob is included as a label-friendly ingredient to appeal to consumers seeking natural or chocolate-alternative treats for pets. It also functions as a palatability enhancer, providing a sweet flavour without the risks associated with chocolate.

Desiccated Beef Liver, Bovine Liver Powder, Bos Taurus Liver Powder, Dried Beef Liver

Beef liver powder is a dehydrated and finely ground form of beef liver, an animal-derived ingredient sourced from cattle. It is primarily included in pet food for its rich content of high-quality protein, essential vitamins, and minerals, supporting overall health and vitality. Rather than being used raw, beef liver is processed into a powder to optimise nutrient preservation, palatability, and digestibility.

Beef liver powder is included as a palatable, nutrient-dense protein source that enhances flavour and increases the appeal of the product to pets. It also allows manufacturers to deliver the nutritional benefits of organ meats in a stable, easy-to-handle powdered form.

Buffered Acetic Acid Solution, Neutralised White Vinegar, pH-Adjusted Distilled Vinegar, E260 Buffered

Buffered white distilled vinegar is a liquid ingredient derived from the fermentation of plant-based sources, typically grains. It is primarily used as a natural preservative and pH regulator, helping to inhibit microbial growth and maintain product stability. In pet food, buffered white distilled vinegar is utilised in its processed, buffered form rather than as raw vinegar, ensuring consistent acidity and safety for consumption.

Buffered white distilled vinegar is included as a preservative to help inhibit the growth of bacteria and mould, thereby extending the product’s shelf life. Its use also allows for a more label-friendly alternative to synthetic preservatives, appealing to consumers seeking natural-sounding ingredients.

Tocopherols, E306, Natural Tocopherols Concentrate, D-Alpha Tocopherol Concentrate

Mixed tocopherols are a blend of compounds derived from plant oils, primarily functioning as a source of vitamin E. Their main purpose in pet food is to act as natural antioxidants, helping to preserve the freshness of fats and oils. Rather than being used in their isolated, pure form, mixed tocopherols are incorporated as stabilised extracts to optimise safety, efficacy, and nutrient retention.

Mixed tocopherols are included as a natural preservative to extend shelf life by slowing the oxidation of fats and oils in pet food. They are often used as a label-friendly alternative to synthetic preservatives to appeal to consumer preferences for natural ingredients.

Natural Flavouring, Flavouring Substance, Flavouring Preparation, Flavouring Complex

Natural flavour is a food additive derived from animal or plant sources, designed to enhance the palatability of pet food. Its primary purpose is to improve taste and encourage consistent consumption. Rather than being used in its original raw form, natural flavour is typically processed and concentrated to ensure safety, stability, and uniformity in pet food formulations, while maintaining its natural origin.

Natural flavour is included to enhance palatability, encouraging pets to consume the product. It also allows manufacturers to improve taste without specifying individual flavouring agents, supporting flexible formulation and label-friendly marketing.

Microcrystalline Cellulose, E460, Powdered Cellulose, Alpha-Cellulose

Cellulose fibre is a plant-derived ingredient sourced primarily from wood pulp or plant cell walls. It serves as an insoluble dietary fibre, supporting digestive health and promoting optimal stool quality in pets. Rather than being used in its raw plant form, cellulose fibre is processed and purified to ensure consistency, safety, and effective functionality in premium pet food formulations.

Cellulose fibre is included as a cost-effective bulking agent to increase dietary fibre content and promote digestive health. It also helps manage calorie density in pet food formulations.

Corn Sugar Gum, E415, Polysaccharide B1459, Xanthomonas Campestris Fermentation Product

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of plant-based sugars by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It serves primarily as a thickening and stabilising agent in pet food, helping to maintain texture and consistency. Xanthan gum is not used in its natural microbial form; instead, it is purified and dried into a fine powder for safe and effective utilisation in formulations.

Xanthan gum is included as a stabilising and thickening agent to improve the texture and consistency of pet food formulations. It also helps maintain product uniformity and shelf stability during storage.

Hay Bacillus, Grass Bacillus, Hay Bacillus ATCC 6051, Grass Bacillus ATCC 6051

Bacillus subtilis is a beneficial bacterium of microbial origin commonly included in pet foods as a probiotic. Its primary purpose is to support digestive health by promoting a balanced gut microbiome and enhancing nutrient absorption. Bacillus subtilis is not used in its wild, environmental form; instead, it is cultivated and processed under controlled conditions to ensure safety, stability, and efficacy in pet nutrition.

Bacillus subtilis is included as a probiotic to support digestive health and optimise gut flora balance in pets. Its addition can also serve as a marketing differentiator, appealing to consumers seeking functional and health-promoting ingredients.

Edible Vegetable Oil, Edible Plant Oil, Plant Oil, Oleum Vegetabile

Vegetable oil is a plant-derived fat extracted from various seeds or fruits, such as sunflower, canola, or soybean. It serves primarily as an energy source and supports the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in pet food. Vegetable oil is used in its refined, edible form rather than as raw plant material, ensuring safety, palatability, and optimal nutrient availability for pets.

Vegetable oil is included as a cost-effective source of dietary fat and energy, supporting palatability and contributing to the texture of the final product. It may also be used to deliver essential fatty acids and improve the appearance of the kibble.